Could the use of 'adapters' which fit into the chamber and swapping of the bolt, extractor and other parts allow firearms to use different calibers as long as the new cartridge is
Shotgun/Revolver Adapter 410 to 22LR - Gunadapters.com
The Utility of 12-Gauge Caliber Adapters, The Good, Bad, & Ugly -The Firearm Blog
Chiappa Firearms // Gauge Adapters
45 COLT to .22 LR Caliber Adapter - Chamber Reducer - Stainless Set of 6
X-CALIBER Survival-Rifle Gauge Adapter System - Soldier Systems Daily
X-CALIBER Survival-Rifle Gauge Adapter System - Soldier Systems Daily